Good information and advice

 

When researching your animal of interest, it’s vitally important that you know where to look for reliable information. Just because you read something in a ‘how to look after an animal’ guide book, care sheet or on the Internet doesn’t make it true. Unfortunately, there is a lot of misinformation ‘out there’. Over the years, knowledge gaps have been filled by hearsay and guesswork, as well as by sources that mislead due to vested interests. So, it becomes tricky to separate fact from fiction!

However, we can point you in the right direction, recommend good information and steer you away from bad information sources.

Finding a reliable expert:

The very best information and advice is available from scientists, biologists and veterinarians who are properly qualified and experienced in specialised fields and who are wholly independent of any pro-animal trade, pro-keeping or hobby organisations. Unfortunately, such experts are not always available to give one-to-one advice, but their guidance and information can be accessed through their books, articles and films.

If you prefer to seek advice in person, then your local vet may be able to help or refer you. Most vets are not specialised in exotic pets, but they are qualified and experienced in many areas of animal welfare and husbandry. So, although your local vet may not be an exotic pet expert, he or she has far better training and understanding of animals’ essential needs than ordinary pet shop managers, animal breeders or hobbyists. If you decide to acquire an exotic pet then you should locate and register with a specialist exotics vet.

Vets are bound by a code of conduct, which means that they are only supposed to give impartial and reliable information. However, a small number of vets are directly involved in the pet trade - or otherwise promote the keeping of exotic pets. Therefore, if a vet seems keen or eager to recommend exotic pet keeping or selling then it might be wise to seek another vet who may be in a better position to offer impartial and objective advice.

A bone fide rescue centre may be a good place to seek advice, but if the centre is linked in any way to selling animals then this may compromise their ability give impartial advice. Whatever the situation, it is important to ensure that the person advising you is properly qualified to do so. Bear in mind that qualifications such as ‘animal care certificates’ are a very long way from the level of training, validation and experience of a genuine veterinary or scientific expert.

Also consider that many so-called experts and expert groups such as herpetological societies for reptiles and amphibians, or avian societies for birds, may not offer sound or impartial information. This is because these organisations are usually heavily composed of amateur keepers or those with a commercial interest in exotic pet trading.

Good information sources online and in libraries:

Good quality information can be obtained from specific websites. Often, the Internet is the first place to look if you want answers to questions, but great care must be taken when using online information. Ensure that information you rely on is from academic sources, professional encyclopaedias, veterinary or university websites. In general, steer clear of online forums and pet care books that may not be independent and objective.

We would recommend you check out the following reputable sources – although we must point out that this doesn’t imply that we agree with every statement in each resource. However, we consider the information and advice to be broadly reliable.

Resources: animals - general

Warwick, C. (2023) A new understanding of consciousness may be a no-brainer! Veterinary Practice, January. https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/a-new-understanding-of-consciousness-may-be-a-no-brainer

Anagnostou, M. & Doberstein, B. (2024). Exotic pet trade in Canada: The influence of social media on public sentiment and behaviour. Journal for Nature Conservation, 77, 126522. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1617138123001930

Warwick, C., Pilny, A., Steedman, C., Howell, T., Martínez-Silvestre, A., Cadenas, V., & Grant, R. (2023) Mobile zoos and other itinerant animal handling events: Current status and recommendations for future policies. Animals, 13(2), 214. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/2/214

Warwick, C., Steedman, C., Jessop, M. & Grant, R. (2023) Defining short-term accommodation for animals. Animals, 13(4), 732. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040732

Sigaud, M., Kitade, T. & Sarabian, C. (2023) Exotic animal cafés in Japan: A new fashion with potential implications for biodiversity, global health, and animal welfare. Conservation Science and Practice, 5(2), e12867. https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/csp2.12867

Warwick, C. (2022) Getting a handle on animal handling events and mobile zoos. Guest blog, Freedom For Animals. https://www.freedomforanimals.org.uk/blog/getting-a-handle-on-animal-handling-events-and-mobile-zoos

Warwick, C. (2022) Our knowledge of animal welfare principles constantly needs refreshing. Veterinary Practice, October. https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/animal-welfare-principles

Warwick, C. (2021) Governments urgently need to prioritise independent experts, vets and animal welfare organisations for advice on pet trading and keeping issues. Veterinary Practice, September. https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/this-is-not-merely-leaving-foxes-to-run-hen-houses-it-is-asking-foxes-to-design-them-too

Warwick, C. & Steedman, C. (2021) Exotic pet trading and keeping: Proposing a model government consultation and advisory protocol. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 43, 66–76. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S155878782100037X

Warwick, C. & Steedman, C. (2021) Regulating pets using an objective positive list approach. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 42, 53–62. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1558787821000095?via%3Dihub

Warwick, C. (2020) Social media regularly misrepresents exotic animals as suitable pets and downplays the problems. Veterinary Practice, December. https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/social-media-regularly-misrepresents-exotic-animals-as-suitable-pets-and-downplays-the-problems

Warwick, C. (2020) Animals, space and welfare. Veterinary Practice, July. https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/animals-space-and-welfare 

Lockwood, J.L., Welbourne, D.J., Romagosa, C.M., Cassey, P., Mandrak, N.E., Strecker, A., ... & Keller, R. (2019) When pets become pests: the role of the exotic pet trade in producing invasive vertebrate animals. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 17(6), 323-330. https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/fee.2059

Warwick, C. (2019) Is life in the wild governed by a scheme of incidental compassion? Veterinary Practice, September. https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/is-life-in-the-wild-governed-by-a-scheme-of-incidental-compassion

Warwick, C. (2019) It is important to recognise the formal responsibility of a veterinarian. Veterinary Practice, December. https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/it-is-important-to-recognise-the-formal-responsibility-of-a-veterinarian

Warwick, C., Jessop, M., Arena, P., Pilny, A. & Steedman, C. (2018) Guidelines for inspection of companion and commercial animal establishments. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5 (151), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00151

Warwick, C., Steedman, C., Jessop, M., Arena, P., Pilny, A. & Nicholas, E. (2018) Exotic pet suitability: understanding some problems and utilizing a labeling system to aid animal welfare, environment, and consumer protection. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 26, 17-26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2018.03.015

Warwick, C. (2018) Pet labelling is required and needs to be entirely independently and objectively formulated. Veterinary Practice, September. https://veterinary-practice.com/article/pet-labelling-is-required-and-needs-to-be-entirely-independently-and-objectively-formulated

Grant, R.A., Montrose, V.T. & Wills, A.P. (2017) ExNOTic: Should We Be Keeping Exotic Pets? Animals 7, 47, 1-11, doi:10.3390/ani7060047.

Moorhouse, T.P. Balaskas, M., D’Cruze N.C. & Macdonald, D.W. (2017) Information could reduce consumer demand for exotic pets. Conservation Letters 10, 337–45

Mellor, D.J. (2016) Updating animal welfare thinking: moving beyond the “five freedoms” towards “a life worth living” Animals 6, 21, doi:10.3390/ani6030021

Mellor, D.J. (2015) Positive animal welfare states and reference standards for welfare assessment. N.Z. Vet. J. 63 (1), 17–23. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2014.926802

Mellor, D.J. & Beausoleil, N.J. (2015) Extending the 'Five Domains' model for animal welfare assessment to incorporate positive welfare states. Animal Welfare, 24, 3, pp.241-253.

Warwick, C. (2015) Captive breeding - saving wildlife? Or saving the pet trade? The Ecologist (Sept). Available online:
http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_analysis/2985202/captive_breeding_saving_ wildlife_or_saving_the_pet_trade.html

Warwick, C. (2015) How the exotic pet business as changed from ancient times – and it’s not good news. Veterinary Practice 21:27.
http://emergentdisease.org/assets/documents/vp_12_2015-Clifford-Warwick.pdf.

Broom, D.M. (2014) Sentience and animal welfare. Cabi, UK

Arbuckle, K. (2013) Folklore husbandry and a philosophical model for the design of captive management regimes. Herpetol. Rev. 44, 448-452.

Koene, P. (2012) Keeping of exotic animals: are all animal species suitable for companion animals. Wageningen Universität, Präsentation für Treffen der Europäischen Tierärztekammer.

Mellor, D.J. (2012) Animal emotions, behaviour and the promotion of positive welfare states. N.Z. Vet. J. 60 (1), 1–8. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2011.619047

TRAFFIC (2012) Captive Bred, or Wild Taken? TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK. Available online: https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/7446/captive-bred-or-wild-taken.pdf

Kreger, M.D. & Hutchins, M. (2010) Ethics of keeping mammals in zoos and aquariums. Wild mammals in captivity: Principles and techniques for zoo management, 3-10.

Boissy, A., Manteuffel, G., Jensen, M.B., Moe, R. O., Spruijt, B., Keeling, L. J., ... & Bakken, M. (2007) Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare. Physiology & Behavior 92(3), 375-397.

Butler, A.B. & Hodos, W. (2005) Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: evolution and adaptation. John Wiley & Sons.

Schuppli, C. A. & Fraser, D. (2000) A framework for assessing the suitability of different species as companion animals. Animal Welfare, 9(4), 359–372.

RSPCA Caring for reptiles and other exotic pets: https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/other

Resources: dogs and cats 

Warwick, C., Jessop, M., Arena, P., Pilny, A. & Steedman, C. (2018) Guidelines for inspection of companion and commercial animal establishments. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5 (151), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00151

Howell, T.J., Mornement, K. & Bennett, P.C. (2016) "Pet cat management practices among a representative sample of owners in Victoria, Australia." Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 11: 42-49.

Howell, T.J., Mornement, K. & Bennett, P.C. (2016) "Pet dog management practices among a representative sample of owners in Victoria, Australia." Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 12 (2016): 4-12.

Code of practice for the welfare of dogs:
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69390/pb13333-cop-dogs-091204.pdf

Code of practice for the welfare of cats:
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69392/pb13332-cop-cats-091204.pdf

Guide to congenital and heritable disorders in dogs. Published by The Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association. Revised May 2011
https://www.hsvma.org/assets/pdfs/guide-to-congenital-and-heritable-disorders.pdf

Find Dog Trainers In Your Area (United States): https://dogtrainingnearyou.com (Listed trainers have not been checked/vetted.)

Resources: semi-domesticated animals

Décory, M.S.M. (2019) A Universal Definition of" Domestication" to Unleash Global Animal Welfare Progress. In dA Derecho Animal: Forum of Animal Law Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 0039-55. https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/77771240-a363-30a6-92ff-a594381e8ad5/

Johnson, J. C., & Burn, C. C. (2019). Lop‐eared rabbits have more aural and dental problems than erect‐eared rabbits: a rescue population study. Veterinary Record, 185(24), 758-758.

Warwick, C., Jessop, M., Arena, P., Pilny, A. & Steedman, C. (2018) Guidelines for inspection of companion and commercial animal establishments. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5 (151), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00151

Code of practice for the welfare of horses, ponies, donkeys and their hybrids:
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69389/pb13334-cop-horse-091204.pdf

Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund (RWAF): https://rabbitwelfare.co.uk/rabbit-care-advice/

Resources: primates

Norconk, M.A., Atsalis, S. &  Savage, A. (2023)  Can we eliminate the primate pet trade in the United States? American Journal of Primatology, e23525. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23525

Warwick, C., Jessop, M., Arena, P., Pilny, A. & Steedman, C. (2018) Guidelines for inspection of companion and commercial animal establishments. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5 (151), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00151

Soulsbury, C.D., Iossa, G., Kennell, S. & Harris, S. (2009) The welfare and suitability of primates kept as pets. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 12(1), 1-20.

Code of practice for the welfare of privately kept non-human primates:
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/218679/primate-cop.pdf

Resources: unusual mammals

Warwick, C., Jessop, M., Arena, P., Pilny, A. & Steedman, C. (2018) Guidelines for inspection of companion and commercial animal establishments. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5 (151), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00151

McBride, E.A. (2017) Small prey species’ behaviour and welfare: implications for veterinary professionals. J. Small Anim. Pract. 58, 423–36, doi:10.1111/jsap.12681.

Resources: birds

Warwick, C., Jessop, M., Arena, P., Pilny, A. & Steedman, C. (2018) Guidelines for inspection of companion and commercial animal establishments. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5 (151), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00151

Phillips, C., Farrugia, C., Lin, C., Mancera, K. & Doneley, B. (2017) The effect providing space in excess of standards on the behaviour of budgerigars in aviaries. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.10.015.

Pilny, A. (2015) Changing the Captive Bird Paradigm. YouTube:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4QA29NQMOs

Bradshaw, G. A. & Engebretson, M. (2013) Parrot Breeding and Keeping: The Impact of Capture and Captivity. Animals and Society Institute.

Shaw, S.N. & Tully, T.N. (2012) Birds: Feather Picking. Clinical Veterinary Advisor: Birds and Exotic Pets. 10.1016/B978-1-4160-3969-3.00110-4.

Engebretson, M. (2006) The welfare and suitability of parrots as companion animals: a review, Animal Welfare, 15: 263-276

van Hoek, C.S. & Ten Cate, C. (1998) Abnormal behavior in caged birds kept as pets. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 1(1), 51-64.

Avian Welfare Coalition: http://www.avianwelfare.org/index.htm

Birds First: http://www.greg-parrots.co.uk/

Resources: reptiles

Warwick, C., Arena P.C. & Burghardt, G.M. (2023) Health and Welfare of Captive Reptiles, 2nd Ed., Springer: Cham, Switzerland. 638 pages. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-86012-7

Cargill, B.M., Benato, L. & Rooney, N.J. (2022) A survey exploring the impact of housing and husbandry on pet snake welfare. Animal Welfare, 31(2), 193-208.

Azevedo, A., Guimarães, L., Ferraz, J., Whiting, M. & Magalhães-Sant’Ana, M. (2021) Pet Reptiles—Are We Meeting Their Needs?. Animals, 11(10), 2964. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/10/2964

Warwick, C.; Grant, R.; Steedman, C.; Howell, T.J.; Arena, P.C.; Lambiris, A.J.L.; Nash, A.-E.; Jessop, M.; Pilny, A.; Amarello, M.; Gorzula, S.; Spain, M.; Walton, A.; Nicholas, E.; Mancera, K.; Whitehead, M.; Martínez-Silvestre, A.; Cadenas, V.; Whittaker, A. & Wilson, A. (2021) Getting It Straight: Accommodating Rectilinear Behavior in Captive Snakes—A Review of Recommendations and Their Evidence Base. Animals, 11, 1459. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/5/1459

D’Cruze, N., Paterson, S., Megson, D., Warwick, C., Coulthard, E. Norrey, J., Auliya, M. & Carder, G. (2020) Dropping the ball?: the welfare of ball pythons traded in the EU and North America. Animals, 10, 413. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/3/413 

Howell, T.J., Warwick, C. & Bennett, P.C. (2020) Self-reported snake management practices among owners in Victoria, Australia. Veterinary Record, 1-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32098905/

Learmonth, M.J. (2020) The matter of non-avian reptile sentience, and why it “matters” to them: A conceptual, ethical and scientific review. Animals, 10(5), 901. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/5/901

Warwick, C. (2020) PETA launches snake welfare campaign. The Ecologist, February. https://theecologist.org/2020/feb/14/peta-launches-snake-welfare-campaign

Benn, A. L., McLelland, D. J. & Whittaker, A. L. (2019) A Review of Welfare Assessment Methods in Reptiles, and Preliminary Application of the Welfare Quality® Protocol to the Pygmy Blue-Tongue Skink, Tiliqua adelaidensis, Using Animal-Based Measures. Animals, 9(1), 27.

Warwick, C. (2019) Folklore husbandry. Veterinary Practice https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/many-animals-across-all-classes-are-increasingly-becoming-victims-of-folklore-husbandry

Warwick, C., Arena, P. & Steedman, C. (2019) Spatial considerations for captive snakes, Journal of Veterinary Behaviour: Clinical Applications and Research. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 30:37- 48
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2018.12.006

Arena, P.C., Crawford, M., Forbes, N.A., Frye, F.L., Grant, R., Howell, T., Jessop, M., Lambiris, A.J.L., Mancera, K., Morton, D., Nicholas, E., Pilny, A., Steedman,C., Walton, A., Warwick, C. & Whitehead, M. (2018) The need for snakes to fully stretch. Veterinary record, 661. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30504167/ 

Mendyk, R.W. (2018) Challenging folklore reptile husbandry in zoological parks. In: Berger, M., Corbett, S. (Eds) Zoo animals: husbandry, welfare and public interactions. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, pp 265–292

Warwick, C., Bates, G., Arena, P. & Steedman, C. (2018) Reevaluating the use of hypothermia for anesthetizing and euthanizing amphibians and reptiles. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 253:12;1536-1539. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30668251/ 

Warwick, C., Jessop, M., Arena, P., Pilny, A. & Steedman, C. (2018) Guidelines for inspection of companion and commercial animal establishments. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5 (151), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00151

Whitehead, M. (2018) Factors contributing to poor welfare of pet reptiles. Testudo:8(5);47-61 British Chelonia Group. http://www.britishcheloniagroup.org.uk/sites/default/files/u8/v8n5Whitehead.pdf

Howell, T.J. & Bennett, C.P. (2017) Despite their best efforts, pet lizard owners in Victoria, Australia, are not fully compliant with lizard care guidelines and may not meet all lizard welfare needs. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 21, 26-37

Warwick, C. (2015) Exotic Pet Trading & Keeping. YouTube:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9K18h_5EB4

Warwick, C. (2014) The Morality of the Reptile “Pet” Trade. Journal of Animal Ethics, 4 (1), 74–94.

Burghardt, G.M. (2013) Environmental enrichment and cognitive complexity in reptiles and amphibians: Concepts, review, and implications for captive populations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 147:286–298.

Warwick, C., Arena, P.C., Lindley, S., Jessop, M. & Steedman, C. (2013) Assessing reptile welfare using behavioural criteria. In Practice, 2013;35:3 123131doi:10.1136/inp.f1197
https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1136/inp.f1197

Natusch, D.J. & Lyons, J.A. (2012) Exploited for pets: the harvest and trade of amphibians and reptiles from Indonesian New Guinea. Biodiversity Conserv. 21, 11, 2899-911.

Warwick, C., Frye, F.L. & Murphy, J.B (1995/2004) Health and Welfare of Captive Reptiles. Chapman & Hall/Kluwer, London and New York.

Anapsid: http://www.anapsid.org/

Tortoise Protection Group: http://www.tortoise-protection-group.org.uk/site/1.asp

Tortoise Trust: http://www.tortoisetrust.org/

UV Reptile Guide: http://www.uvguide.co.uk/

Resources: amphibians

Howell, T.J., Warwick, C. and Bennett, P.C. (2022) Pet management practices of frog and turtle owners in Victoria, Australia, as reported in a survey. Veterinary Record, e2180. https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vetr.2180

Krishnan, S., Klaphake, E., Rao, S. & Sadar, M.J. (2022). The effect of varied enrichment types on snake behavior. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 53(2), 266-274.

Warwick, C., Jessop, M., Arena, P., Pilny, A. & Steedman, C. (2018) Guidelines for inspection of companion and commercial animal establishments. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5 (151), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00151

Burghardt, G.M. (2013) Environmental enrichment and cognitive complexity in reptiles and amphibians: Concepts, review, and implications for captive populations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 147:286–298.

Natusch, D.J. & Lyons, J.A. (2012) Exploited for pets: the harvest and trade of amphibians and reptiles from Indonesian New Guinea. Biodiversity Conserv. 21, 11, 2899-911.

Resources: fishes

Parker, M. (2023) Are the fish in your aquarium happy? Five things to look out for. The Conversation, January 2023. https://theconversation.com/are-the-fish-in-your-aquarium-happy-five-things-to-look-out-for-196831?utm_source=linkedin&utm_medium=bylinelinkedinbutton

Lambert, H., Cornish, A., Elwin, A., & D’Cruze, N. (2022) A Kettle of Fish: A Review of the Scientific Literature for Evidence of Fish Sentience. Animals, 12(9), 1182. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/9/1182

Warwick, C., Jessop, M., Arena, P., Pilny, A. & Steedman, C. (2018) Guidelines for inspection of companion and commercial animal establishments. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5 (151), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00151

Brown, C. (2015) Fish intelligence, sentience and ethics. Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia. Animal Cognition 18:1–17 DOI 10.1007/s10071-014-0761-0

Oldfield, R.G. (2011) Aggression and welfare in a common aquarium fish, the Midas cichlid. Journal of applied animal welfare science, 14(4), 340-360.

For the Fishes: http://www.forthefishes.org

Tank watch app:
https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/tank-watch-good-fish-bad-fish/id909502090?mt=8 Detailed guide to ‘good fish, bad fish’ buys.

Resources: invertebrates

Gippet, J.M.W., Bates, O.K., Moulin, J. &  Bertelsmeier, C. (2023) The global risk of infectious disease emergence from giant land snail invasion and pet trade. Parasites Vectors 16, 363. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-06000-y

Browning, H. & Veit, W. (2020) Improving invertebrate welfare. Animal sentience, 5(29), 4. https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/animsent/vol5/iss29/4/

Warwick, C., Jessop, M., Arena, P., Pilny, A. & Steedman, C. (2018) Guidelines for inspection of companion and commercial animal establishments. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5(151), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00151

Crook, R.J. (2013) The welfare of invertebrate animals in research: Can science's next generation improve their lot? Journal of Postdoctoral Research 1(2), 9-20. https://www.academia.edu/2635605/The_welfare_of_invertebrate_animals_in_research_Can_sciences_next_generation_improve_their_lot

Horvath, K., Angeletti, D., Nascetti, G. & Carere, C. (2013) Invertebrate welfare: an overlooked issue. Ann Ist Super Sanità, 49(1), 9-17. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23535125/

Resources: public health and safety

Turkmen, S., Alinier, G., Elmoheen, A.M., Qureshi, A. A., Ponappan, B.R., Majed, K., ... & Azad, A. (2023) Injuries related to pets, exotic animals, and falconry in Qatar. Qatar Medical Journal, 2023(4), 27. https://www.qscience.com/content/journals/10.5339/qmj.2023.27

Warwick. C., Steedman. C. (2021) Wildlife-pet markets in a one-health context, Int. J. One Health, 7(1), 42-64. https://www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.7/No.1/7.pdf

Warwick, C. (2020) Wildlife markets in the West. The Ecologist, July. https://theecologist.org/2020/jul/10/wildlife-markets-west

Warwick, C. (2020) Any single wild animal, at any single wildlife market, in any single country, could spawn the next pandemic.  Veterinary Practice, September. https://www.veterinary-practice.com/article/any-single-wild-animal-at-any-single-wildlife-market-in-any-single-country-could-spawn-the-next-pandemic

Warwick, C. (2020) Zoonoplasticity as an intuitive risk protocol for pet-linked zoonoses. Rev. Sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 39:3, 817-830. https://doc.woah.org/dyn/portal/digidoc.xhtml?statelessToken=72GUdymIHQrSY2X8oYIZViatBY78wb0EKosO-6FETV0=&actionMethod=dyn%2Fportal%2Fdigidoc.xhtml%3AdownloadAttachment.openStateless

Smith, K.M., Zambrana-Torrelio, C., White, A., Asmussen, M., Machalaba, C., Kennedy, S., Lopez, K., Wolf, T.M., Daszak, P., Travis, D.A. & Karesh, W.B. (2017) Summarizing US Wildlife Trade with an Eye Toward Assessing the Risk of Infectious Disease Introduction. EcoHealth 14, 1, pp.29-39.

Warwick, C. & Corning, S. (2013) Managing patients for zoonotic disease in hospitals. J R. Soc. Med. Sh. Rep., 4, 1–9, doi: 10.1177/2042533313490287

Akhtar, A., (2012) Animals and public health: Why treating animals better is critical to human welfare. Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire, UK.

Warwick, C., Arena, P.C., Steedman, C. & Jessop, M. (2012) A review of captive exotic animal-linked zoonoses. Journal of Environmental Health Research, 12, 9-24. Available online: https://emodepetscore.com/sites/default/files/downloads/A review of captive exotic animal-linked zoonoses.pdf

Warwick, C. & Steedman, C. (2012) Injuries, envenomations and stings from exotic pets. J. Roy. Soc. Med. 105, 296-9, doi:10.1258/jrsm.2012.110295.

Brugere-Picoux, L. & Chomel, B. (2009) Importation of tropical diseases to Europe via animals and animal products: risks and pathways. Bulletin de l’ Academie Nationale de Medecine 193, 1805-1819.

Chomel, B.B., Belotto, A. & Meslin, F-X. (2007) Wildlife, exotic pets and emerging zoonoses. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13, 1, 6-11, doi.org/10.3201/eid1301.060480

Brown, C. (2004) Emerging zoonoses and pathogens of public health significance - an overview. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz. 23, 2, 435-442.

CDC Pets & Antibiotic Resistance:
https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/pets-and-antibiotic-resistance.html

CDC Reptiles and Amphibians: https://www.cdc.gov/healthypets/pets/reptiles.html

Emergent Disease Foundation: http://emergentdisease.org/emergent-disease

Exotic Pets - Reducing the risk of human infection:
https://emodepetscore.com/sites/default/files/downloads/Public-Health-Leaflet.pdf

IAHAIO position statement - Zoonoses and animal-assisted interventions: https://iahaio.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/zoonoses-and-aai-position-paper-final.pdf

One Health Initiative: http://www.onehealthinitiative.com/